The United States declared independence from Great Britain, establishing a new nation founded on the principles that 'all men are created equal' with 'unalienable rights' to 'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.' This revolutionary document, primarily authored by Thomas Jefferson, set the foundation for American democracy and inspired freedom movements worldwide.

The Constitution established America's national government and fundamental laws, guaranteeing certain basic rights for its citizens. The Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments, protected individual liberties including freedom of speech, religion, and the press. These documents created a framework for democratic governance that would evolve to become more inclusive over time.

The first major wave of immigration brought millions from Northern and Western Europe to America's shores. Irish fleeing famine, Germans escaping political unrest, and others seeking opportunity contributed their cultures, skills, and labor to building America. This diversity of talents and perspectives fueled economic growth and cultural enrichment, demonstrating how immigration strengthened the young nation.

Following the Civil War, the abolition of slavery and passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments marked critical steps toward fulfilling America's promise of equality. These amendments abolished slavery, guaranteed equal protection under the law, and prohibited racial discrimination in voting rights. Though implementation would be imperfect, these changes laid groundwork for a more inclusive democracy.

Over 12 million immigrants entered through Ellis Island during this period, primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe. Italians, Jews, Poles, Greeks, and many others brought diverse skills, entrepreneurial spirit, and cultural contributions that transformed American society. Their labor powered industrial growth while their cultural influences enriched American arts, cuisine, and community life, demonstrating how diversity fueled prosperity.

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 eliminated discriminatory national origin quotas, opening America to immigrants from around the world. This new diversity brought talents in science, technology, medicine, business, and the arts. Today, immigrants and their children continue to drive innovation and economic growth, founding companies like Google, Tesla, and countless small businesses that create jobs and prosperity for all Americans.